Notes of a Hunter Review Essay Example

Notes of a Hunter Review Paper Paper on Notes of a Hunter Goodbye, youthful peruser. . Great night veterans of the writing Today, Ill converse with you about crafted by the adored and cherished me an author - . Turgenev I don't think about you, yet I was somewhat stunned when he previously read the works klascikov not from the educational program. It was quite a while back, however I despite everything recall the inclination. I think you, as well, have encountered comparable. This feeling like rapture pervookryvatelya. They state that is it, that he was searching for my entire life and what was celebrating grains. It is troublesome words to portray the joy of reasoning hurricane, yet now, as I compose these lines, I can not well-spoken all I need to state:) We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes of a Hunter Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes of a Hunter Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes of a Hunter Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Turgenev virtuoso. Let it simpler than Chekhov, Im almost certain that the last undeveloped peruser won't comprehend on the off chance that you don't peruse the first. Turgenev sets short stories without starting or end. All things considered, his characters, similar to Chekhov, live their lives. They lived it before as an essayist portrayed them and kept on living after completed the last story line. I can not predstvait acknowledge how solid it is important to have creative mind as a ground-breaking and entering mind, what amount ought to be build up the capacity to see, which would compose something like this! Present day journalists some way or another need to hit the peruser. Or on the other hand shock him. Maybe this is the significance of business writing .. However, presently isn't about that. I enthusiastically suggest perusing this book and the entirety of Turgenev, as this is only my preferred class of writing, which doesn't pop your throat bit information, and makes you think and think. Fashions of you Homo Sapiens. Coincidentally, for reasons unknown, the whole pattern of my most noteworthy story Death. Subtle. Sharp. Dismal. Barbarous and miserable. Peruse this book. Put aside everything and read. regardless of whether read. Regardless of whether before you new govnotvorene Lukyanenko, which you will positively need to talk about with your companions. Put aside everything and re-read this book once more, regardless of whether you read it. It tends to be perused an endless number of times. What's more, regardless of whether you won't have the option to boast to your companions with its one of a kind abstract taste, if not have the option to for some time to state Oh, I was given the regard of the writer here, is extremely well known in France, and all of you the dairy cattle, even his name don't have a clue - still read Turgenev The incredible book.. The best essayist. Everything.

Local Development Framework in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Neighborhood Development Framework in England - Essay Example This paper illustrates that land-use arranging framework toward the finish of the 1990s couldn't convey sufficient foundation; this was recognized as a key hindrance to monetary advancement in the United Kingdom. This was one reason that brought about the 2004 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act. This radical new way to deal with arranging in England implied the start of another time of creating spatial as opposed to exclusively land-use plans. â€Å"The necessities of the new framework, the execution of plans and the conveyance of foundation have been essentially fortified through Local Development Frameworks (LDFs)† and recently planned arrangement direction and guideline. Then again, it is essential to understand the chances and difficulties defying strategy producers in the conveyance of framework. This is fundamental, taking into account the accentuation that the administration is putting on decreasing hindrances to advancement, uniquely those related with the conveyance of lodging and foundation. Neighborhood authority CEOs are required to include themselves completely in the Local Development framework, digging in it into the corporate focus. The officials ought to give the assets and backing to the planmaking procedure. They should make the subsequent Local Development Framework a focal instrument â€Å"in their corporate ordnance to direct open and private capital speculation and accomplish Local Area Agreement outcomes†. ... ementation of plans and the conveyance of foundation have been essentially fortified through Local Development Frameworks (LDFs)† (Baker and Hincks, 2009 p.173) and recently planned arrangement direction and guideline. Then again, it is fundamental to grasp the chances and difficulties facing strategy creators in the conveyance of framework. This is basic, taking into account the accentuation that the administration is putting on lessening obstructions to improvement, exceptionally those related with the conveyance of lodging and foundation. Nearby power CEOs are required to include themselves completely in the Local Development framework, digging in it into the corporate focus. The officials ought to give the assets and backing to the planmaking procedure. They should make the subsequent Local Development Framework a focal instrument â€Å"in their corporate ordnance to guide open and private capital venture and accomplish Local Area Agreement outcomes† (Rozee, 2008 p.6 21). Moreover, chose individuals require focused on preparing to fathom the worth that the Local Development Framework can add to their networks and their cooperation in accomplishing results. The Planning Advisory Service gives modules which help in the conveyance of such preparing. Be that as it may, it is apparent that one of the most noteworthy boundaries to accomplishing the implementaion of plans is the conveyance of the framework required to help improvement. London has reacted to the test of urban restoration, recovery, and territorial rivalry. Notwithstanding, it is once in a while impeded by an unpredictable London government structure. National, local and nearby governments are completely worried about monetary development and advancement in London. A particular institutional

Speedy, Shiny, Supercharged Welcoming MeisterTask 2.0 - Focus

Speedy, Shiny, Supercharged Welcoming MeisterTask 2.0 - Focus It’s our pleasure to introduce our biggest update yet: MeisterTask 2.0. MeisterTask 2.0 provides a fresh dashboard redesign, advanced productivity features and a brand new tech stack, making MeisterTask faster and more stable than ever.  Read on to find out what’s new Note: This article was updated on January 7, 2019 to include the latest changes in MeisterTasks dashboard! New Customizable Dashboard As soon as you open MeisterTask, you’ll recognize the difference. Our shiny new dashboard makes better use of the available space and gives  you more control over what you want to display. In the My Tasks widget, you can: Sort tasks by due date, name or project Choose whether to display My Checklist items (more info about this below!) Choose to display only tasks that are currently in your Focus Clicking on the @ button on top of your notifications will hide all notifications in which youre not personally mentioned. This is a great way to quickly read through all notifications that require a personal response from you. Were also happy to announce that following your input, weve brought the time tracking widget back to the dashboard, so you can quickly view and edit your most recent time slips. A New Look for Your Projects Our project boards have also received a makeover, with new task headers and updated filter functionality. Note that you can filter by assignee by clicking on the avatar of the person you’d like to filter by, before adding further filters such as tags, due date and  task status. New Productivity Features Custom Fields First up,  custom fields are now available for all MeisterTask Business users, enabling teams to define one or multiple fields in the project properties. These pre-defined custom fields will then automatically appear within each project task, reminding team members to complete this information. Say you’re using MeisterTask to manage your customer support, with custom fields you can ensure that each task (or ticket) includes the information you need to see the bug through to completion, such as ticket number, operating system and so on: My Checklist With the new  checklist feature, you can now create quick to-dos on the fly, without linking the items with any specific project. As there’s no need to designate a project or section, the tasks can be created straight from the dashboard, where they’re displayed, in seconds. If one of your to-dos turns out to require the input of other team members, you can always turn it into a real task and collaborate on it with others. This feature is already available on iOS and Android, so following the introduction of MeisterTask 2.0, your checklist will become synced across all devices web and mobile. Automations To make things a little easier, weve renamed our popular section actions feature to automations and given it a makeover that forms the basis for further upgrades to this feature. You can still add new automations by clicking into the header of a section, but now you can also manage all automations by opening the project properties and switching to the Automations tab. Automations currently cover everything previously offered by section actions, but   will soon cover much more, for example, recurring tasks. New Markdown Formatting for Tasks With MeisterTask 2.0, we’ve also introduced a number of new Markdown formats for task descriptions and comments, meaning you can make your tasks prettier than ever. All of the prior formatting functions are still available, but you can now add the following to your tasks, as well as: Headings in three different sizes Indented quotes   Strikethrough text Horizontal lines Inline code, colored red Text in a code block. All updated instructions on how to format your tasks can be found by clicking on the task description and then clicking the link below, titled Formatting: Faster, Embedded Integrations Our functionality surrounding integrations has also improved, as you can now set up integrations directly via the My Account  area of MeisterTask. With Zapier, for example, you can create so-called Zaps without even leaving MeisterTask, allowing you to send data to and from over 1,000 of your favorite apps. Need to create a follow-up task every time a sales query enters your inbox? Zapier has you covered and with MeisterTask 2.0, Zaps are quicker than ever to set up. Under the Hood: Improved Performance and Stability Due to our new tech stack, the improvements aren’t just skin-deep. With the introduction of React and Redux, MeisterTask 2.0 is now faster and more stable than ever. To give one example, we’re now able to focus on loading only the minimum amount of required data to load each area of the app. This makes MeisterTask incredibly fast, as were able to predict what should be loaded next, improving transitions within the app too. Since the new tech stack gives our developers clear guidance on how to build new user interface components, we’ve improved rendering performance too. This, again, makes it faster to translate your data into the visual components that make up MeisterTask. Additionally, thanks to the new tech stack, our developers will also have a much easier time reproducing and resolving bugs, resulting in a more stable product overall. A More Consistent User Experience Finally, one of the key goals of MeisterTask 2.0 was to provide a more consistent experience for our users. With our new tech stack, we can now share components more easily with external integrations, enabling a more consistent user experience across both our products, MindMeister and MeisterTask, and our external integrations, such as  MeisterTask for Microsoft Teams. Next Up Over the course of the next few weeks and months, you’ll see a number of further features being introduced to MeisterTask 2.0. These include: Recurring Tasks As one of our most popular feature requests, recurring tasks is high on our agenda and already in the works. While you can already set up recurring tasks via our Zapier and IFTTT integrations, MeisterTask will soon offer a native feature for this, with even more customization options. Multiple Checklists Soon we’ll also enable the ability to add multiple separate checklists within a task. This is a great way to group checklist items, for instance by type, team member or priority. We sincerely hope you enjoy MeisterTask 2.0, and as always, we appreciate your feedback in the comments and via Twitter! Productive Task Managementwith MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started Speedy, Shiny, Supercharged Welcoming MeisterTask 2.0 - Focus It’s our pleasure to introduce our biggest update yet: MeisterTask 2.0. MeisterTask 2.0 provides a fresh dashboard redesign, advanced productivity features and a brand new tech stack, making MeisterTask faster and more stable than ever.  Read on to find out what’s new Note: This article was updated on January 7, 2019 to include the latest changes in MeisterTasks dashboard! New Customizable Dashboard As soon as you open MeisterTask, you’ll recognize the difference. Our shiny new dashboard makes better use of the available space and gives  you more control over what you want to display. In the My Tasks widget, you can: Sort tasks by due date, name or project Choose whether to display My Checklist items (more info about this below!) Choose to display only tasks that are currently in your Focus Clicking on the @ button on top of your notifications will hide all notifications in which youre not personally mentioned. This is a great way to quickly read through all notifications that require a personal response from you. Were also happy to announce that following your input, weve brought the time tracking widget back to the dashboard, so you can quickly view and edit your most recent time slips. A New Look for Your Projects Our project boards have also received a makeover, with new task headers and updated filter functionality. Note that you can filter by assignee by clicking on the avatar of the person you’d like to filter by, before adding further filters such as tags, due date and  task status. New Productivity Features Custom Fields First up,  custom fields are now available for all MeisterTask Business users, enabling teams to define one or multiple fields in the project properties. These pre-defined custom fields will then automatically appear within each project task, reminding team members to complete this information. Say you’re using MeisterTask to manage your customer support, with custom fields you can ensure that each task (or ticket) includes the information you need to see the bug through to completion, such as ticket number, operating system and so on: My Checklist With the new  checklist feature, you can now create quick to-dos on the fly, without linking the items with any specific project. As there’s no need to designate a project or section, the tasks can be created straight from the dashboard, where they’re displayed, in seconds. If one of your to-dos turns out to require the input of other team members, you can always turn it into a real task and collaborate on it with others. This feature is already available on iOS and Android, so following the introduction of MeisterTask 2.0, your checklist will become synced across all devices web and mobile. Automations To make things a little easier, weve renamed our popular section actions feature to automations and given it a makeover that forms the basis for further upgrades to this feature. You can still add new automations by clicking into the header of a section, but now you can also manage all automations by opening the project properties and switching to the Automations tab. Automations currently cover everything previously offered by section actions, but   will soon cover much more, for example, recurring tasks. New Markdown Formatting for Tasks With MeisterTask 2.0, we’ve also introduced a number of new Markdown formats for task descriptions and comments, meaning you can make your tasks prettier than ever. All of the prior formatting functions are still available, but you can now add the following to your tasks, as well as: Headings in three different sizes Indented quotes   Strikethrough text Horizontal lines Inline code, colored red Text in a code block. All updated instructions on how to format your tasks can be found by clicking on the task description and then clicking the link below, titled Formatting: Faster, Embedded Integrations Our functionality surrounding integrations has also improved, as you can now set up integrations directly via the My Account  area of MeisterTask. With Zapier, for example, you can create so-called Zaps without even leaving MeisterTask, allowing you to send data to and from over 1,000 of your favorite apps. Need to create a follow-up task every time a sales query enters your inbox? Zapier has you covered and with MeisterTask 2.0, Zaps are quicker than ever to set up. Under the Hood: Improved Performance and Stability Due to our new tech stack, the improvements aren’t just skin-deep. With the introduction of React and Redux, MeisterTask 2.0 is now faster and more stable than ever. To give one example, we’re now able to focus on loading only the minimum amount of required data to load each area of the app. This makes MeisterTask incredibly fast, as were able to predict what should be loaded next, improving transitions within the app too. Since the new tech stack gives our developers clear guidance on how to build new user interface components, we’ve improved rendering performance too. This, again, makes it faster to translate your data into the visual components that make up MeisterTask. Additionally, thanks to the new tech stack, our developers will also have a much easier time reproducing and resolving bugs, resulting in a more stable product overall. A More Consistent User Experience Finally, one of the key goals of MeisterTask 2.0 was to provide a more consistent experience for our users. With our new tech stack, we can now share components more easily with external integrations, enabling a more consistent user experience across both our products, MindMeister and MeisterTask, and our external integrations, such as  MeisterTask for Microsoft Teams. Next Up Over the course of the next few weeks and months, you’ll see a number of further features being introduced to MeisterTask 2.0. These include: Recurring Tasks As one of our most popular feature requests, recurring tasks is high on our agenda and already in the works. While you can already set up recurring tasks via our Zapier and IFTTT integrations, MeisterTask will soon offer a native feature for this, with even more customization options. Multiple Checklists Soon we’ll also enable the ability to add multiple separate checklists within a task. This is a great way to group checklist items, for instance by type, team member or priority. We sincerely hope you enjoy MeisterTask 2.0, and as always, we appreciate your feedback in the comments and via Twitter! Productive Task Managementwith MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started

Significance And Impact Of The Emancipation Proclamation

Jonathan E. Luzniak Mr. Deeb U.S. History 1A 5 May, 2015 Significance and Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln once said, A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. (Lincoln s House-Divided Speech in Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858). The critical issue of slavery throughout the 19th century in America, was a heavily debated topic. Due to this disagreement of the bondage of slaves, America was split into two distinct entities, the Union and the Confederacy. Both of these bodies of states struggled over the idea of slavery, and whether or not it should be enforced, but both for different reasons. In the North, or the Union States, slavery was looked down upon being morally wrong, while on the other hand, the Southerners, or the Confederate States, believed the exact opposite. In the year of 1863, the issue of slavery would s tart to diminish due to a very important proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln. This prominent decree, the Emancipation Proclamation, would settle the heated dispute between the Union and the Confederacy for all years to come. Although not one slave was initially freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in the Southern states, the deeper symbolic meaning of the manifestoShow MoreRelatedThe Emancipation Proclamation Book Review Essay660 Words   |  3 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation. John Hope Franklin. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1963, 1965, 1995. 155 pp. In the book The Emancipation Proclamation, the author John Hope Franklin, tells a story of the emancipation of slaves through the trials of then, President Abraham Lincoln. He leads us through the action before, during, and after the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in an attempt to give us a greater understanding of the actions taken by President Lincoln. In the yearsRead MoreThe Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result of Lincoln’s Desire to Undermine the Southern Economy1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result of Lincoln’s Desire to Undermine the Southern Economy Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation completed the most significant u-turn in American history. Months before, in the Crittendon Resolution, Lincoln had explicitly stated that Union forces would not target Southern plantations, and that the South would be welcomed back into the Union with or without the slave system. At this point, Lincoln regarded slaveryRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis: of I Have a Dream Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesdocuments and people from the United States of America’s history. â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation† (King). When King states this he makes an allusion to Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Gettysburg Address. Earlier that year, Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation to free all slaves in the United States, so he became known as an advocate against segregation. Referencing a speech that Lincoln gave, makes people realizeRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Written And Spoken By Martin Luther King Jr.1208 Words   |  5 PagesHave a Dream† speech written and spoken by Martin Luther King Jr. so what made this speech have the impact that it did? When the speech was spoken on August 28,1963 it was a start of a change. The March on Washington for jobs and freedom was an initial step in the Civil Rights Movement. On the momentous steps of the lincoln memorial, in the shadow of the person that signed the Emancipation Proclamation words that Martin Luther King Jr said himself, in front of thousands of people present on that unforgettableRead MoreEmancipation Proclamation Essay2317 Words   |  10 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation The American Civil War and the ending of slavery through issuing the Emancipation Proclamation are the two crucial events of U.S. history. Perhaps the war would not have occurred if slavery did not exist because it is one of the main reasons that the southerners and northerners got into conflict. However, if there was no Civil War and Lincoln did not issue the Emancipation Proclamation declaring the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrations of rebellion. Nonetheless, history specialists put the most grounded response in the selection of blacks in the war itself. Wacky in The Divided Union: The Story of the Great American War, 1861-65, agree with Foner and Mahoney about the significance of inside and out insubordination in their investigation of the Nat Turner Rebellion, which occurred in 1831. This rebellion exhibited that not all slaves were willing to acknowledge this found ation of servitude inactively. Foner and MahoneyRead MoreThe Causes Of The American Civil War Essay2218 Words   |  9 Pagesmeaning and impact of the Emancipation Proclamation. Objectives: 1.  Students will be able to list the events leading up to the Emancipation Proclamation. 2.  Students will be able to discuss the events leading to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation and General Order 143. 3.  After reading the documents, students will be able to discuss the meaning and significance of the Emancipation Proclamation and General Order 143.   Materials: 1.  Sticky Notes 2.  Antietam and Emancipation PowerPoint 3Read MoreAssess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-19811222 Words   |  5 PagesAssess the significance of the role of individuals in reducing racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as one with great promise for African Americans. With the North winning the Civil War and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, surely the seeds had been sown for equality for all in America; blacks and whites included? Despite the foundations having been laid for equality, it may not be surprising that only smallRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On Slavery2055 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: To determine whether or not slavery helped or hindered the confederacy there needs to be an overview on the change, continuity, cause, consequence, significance and perspective of slavery. Slavery originated from the southern states and was slowly progressing towards the Free states. Slavery lasted from 1625- 1865, that’s close to a quarter of a century. Although slavery officially ended in 1865, there were many long term effects that resulted between the whites andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream 1372 Words   |  6 Pagesdate of the March on Washington for Jobs and freedom, more commonly known as the March on Washington. One hundred years earlier, 1863, was the year that Abraham Lincoln declared the Emancipation Proclamation in effect, a document that freed over three million slaves across the United States. Because of the significance of the year, Dr. King was able to focus more on the bigger picture on how the past and present can create a be tter future, rather than focusing on changing the world in an arbitrary

Hearsay, Lies and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples

Hearsay, Lies and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples The Upside to 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples The small note at the conclusion of the prompt about avoiding plot summary is quite important. Prompt consists of an article that you've got to synthesize. Life, Death, and 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples At the close of the calendar year, it's your choice to be sure you understand everything to produce a 5 on the AP exam. Before you learn to study for the particular portions of the AP Language exam, it's time to learn to study for AP courses generally speaking. AP instructors are given a score sheet showing the individual score for every one of their students, along with some score info and national averages. Congratulations on your urge to take AP courses and tests to help you enter a college of your selection. The results page provides you with feedback that may help you produce your very own one of a kind AP English study guide, and also contains each one of the helpful metrics you receive from the normal practice tests. Besides the free College Board resources, in addition, there are several places online where you're able to acquire free, unofficial practice tests. In case you have access to multiple practice tests, it's possible to even take complete tests at distinct times in the studying procedure to observe how you've improved and what you still must work on. Definitely use this test! The 30-Second Trick for 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples In addition, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. Each ought to be guided by means of a topic sentence that's a relevant portion of the introductory thesis statement. When you compose the essay, you will have to choose a single sid e to concentrate on. Argue Both Sides in case you have to compose a longer or more complicated essay, it may help to outline either side of the argument before you begin writing. This is really going to help when you're made to formulate several arguments for various essays in a limited quantity of time. Instead, you wish to analyze the essay and make sure that your claim is supported. The source material used has to be cited in the essay as a way to be considered legitimate. The Appeal of 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples From here, the psychologist will bring in a theory or hypothesis with respect to their observations. Measuring a child's progress by means of a reading program is extremely simple given the structured nature of all of these schemes, similarly an exceptional education teacher may measure a youngster's improving attention span by recording the time the kid will stay on a particular task with time. Prove that you're in touch by means of your society and the world around you. An iamb is a sort of metrical foot in poetry. Though the writer's ideas are normally understandable, the constraint of language is often immature . The prompt may request that you talk about the rhetoric devices utilized in a passage. This procedure for acting in the manner of a reporter gives you valuable quotes, resources and vocabulary to start the writing process. Want to Know More About 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples? Hood College provides a number of support services to aid students in their transition into the college atmosphere. Throughout the calendar year, students are provided with an assortment of services to help foster a more inclusive community. If you anticipate procrastinating and not doing what is asked by your AP teachers, be ready for a rude awakening at the start of the school year in the shape of a lousy project grade. For instance, Math teachers may wish to think about increasing the proportion of students that are in a position to fulfill the expectations for basic algebraic principles. The Downside Risk of 1987 Ap Language and Compostion Essay Student Samples It is advis ed to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. They have sites that offer direct contacts between writers and customers and permit them to discuss details and get the very best result. If you wish to track your scores, you can earn a totally free account with Varsity Tutors, but it's not essential in order to access the quizzes.

The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women Free Essays

The age of Enlightenment put forth the importance of humanism and reason, concepts that creates a balance between humanity’s innate tendency to experience emotions while at the same time, cultivating a rational view of experiencing sensations and interactions around him/her. Indeed, discourses that were created and published in the 18th century reflected the use of reason in order to elucidate the nature of human beings. Enlightenment discourses,’ in effect, provide an important insight into the humanism and reason that dwells inside the human mind. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now These important concepts of the Enlightenment were shown in the works of Mary Wollstonecraft and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Both being proponents and believers of the principles reflective of the Enlightenment, they expressed their views of how humanism and reason influenced their position about the role of women and feminism, and their relationship with education. In Wollstonecraft’s â€Å"Vindication of the rights of women,† the author utilized reason as a tool to argue her point about the history of women’s suppression when it comes to achieving quality education and fair regard with men in the society. Rousseau, meanwhile, in his work entitled â€Å"Emile† (or â€Å"On Education†), asserted that neither women nor men were suppressed or antagonized against each other, whether the comparison is on their rights, social status, and even privileges such as attaining education. He provided the ‘opposite face’ of Wollstonecraft’s argument of women suppression in society through their lack of education. Given these descriptions of the works of Wollstonecraft and Rousseau, this paper posits that the works of the authors share a similarity and difference that pertains to the issue of women’s equality in attaining education and education in general. This paper argues that using both humanism and reason as foundations for their arguments, Wollstonecraft and Rousseau similarly believed that education must be achieved by all, although education in itself must not be confined to formal education, but to formative education done by the society as well. However, both differed in expressing their opinion concerning women’s roles and feminism. Wollstonecraft believed that women had been suppressed and not given the privilege to acquire good formal and formative educations, while Rousseau believed that women were not hindered by society to receive education, and they can do so if they only willed themselves to achieve it. Presentation, analysis, and discussion of these arguments are supported with texts from Wollstonecraft’s â€Å"Vindication of the rights of women† and Rousseau’s â€Å"Emile. Wollstonecraft and Rousseau presented similar arguments when they discussed the issue of how society should develop and implement education for children and the youth. Both acknowledged the fact that formal education is important, although its state (in the 18th century) leaves more to be desired; in fact, they cited the deficiencies that formal education can have to people’s learning and intellectual and moral development. They believed that formal education must include formative education, which means people must not only learn through accumulation of facts and information in schools and educational institutions, but also learn through constant interaction with other people. The youth must learn not only from within the walls of the classroom, but in the real world as well. Rousseau expressed his strong belief in formative education in â€Å"Emile. † In fact, the creation of the discourse itself was meant to critique and analyze the state of formal education as Rousseau observed it during his time. One of his critiques against formal education is that it tended to provide knowledge that is ‘quite limited,’ even â€Å"censored† for the students. In expressing his disagreement against â€Å"censored† material used in teaching students, he stated, â€Å"[t]he literature and science of our century tend to destroy rather than to build up. When we censor others we take on the tone of a pedagogue†¦ In spite of all those books whose only aim†¦ is public utility†¦ the art of training men-is still neglected. Books and instructional materials are only useful as aids towards learning, but if these educational materials are â€Å"censored† and created in order to suit the institutions’ needs rather than the students’, then the â€Å"training of men† is forfeited. What results is a society where children and the youth depend on education to provide its learning knowledge, taking for granted ‘lessons’ learned in real life, such as knowledge that comes out from daily interaction with other people and learning lessons from their everyday experiences in the outside world. Apart from the censorship in the educational material taught to students, Rousseau also cited the seemingly lack of imagination in the educational system. By ‘imagination,’ he meant that people have become heavily dependent on information and knowledge already extant in the society in all kinds of discipline. Gone is the drive to discover new things in the natural and social environment, which makes human knowledge and most importantly, intellectual development, stagnant. Learning and knowledge accumulation must be a process in which students must think â€Å"out of the box,† an idea that should have been supported because this is what led to the age of Enlightenment. Without humanity’s imagination and drive to learn more about the world they live in, perhaps the age of Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution Rousseau’s society was benefiting from would not happen. He explicated in better terms his idea of thinking â€Å"out of the box† in the following passage from â€Å"Emile†: By freely expressing my own sentiment I have so little idea of claiming authority that I always give my reasons. This way people may weigh and judge them for themselves. But while I do not wish to be stubborn in defending my ideas, I think it my duty to put them forward†¦ Propose what is feasible, they repeatedly tell me. It is as if I were being told to propose what people are doing already, or at least to propose some good which mixes well with the existing wrongs†¦ Wollstonecraft had similarly expressed Rousseau’s sentiments concerning formal education. In expressing her views about education (in general), she focused on the effect that intellectual development from schools have over the moral development of the students. Rousseau, on one hand, had not expressed explicitly his desire for an moral, alongside intellectual, development for humanity’s youth. Wollstonecraft, on the other hand, had been more than explicit in expressing her desire for moral development as an individual goes through intellectual development. In â€Å"Vindication,† she expressed concern that the public and private education systems are focusing too much on the intellectual development of the individual, and might, over time, experience greater knowledge and learning without a strong and firm moral character. By emphasizing on moral and intellectual developments, Wollstonecraft strove to put a balance between the humanism and reason, the pillars of the Enlightenment that helped promote intellectual and social progress in human societies. Her fears of escalating moral degeneration for the future of 18th century society was expressed in her discourse, where she declared, †¦ children would be entirely separated from their parents, and I question whether they would become better citizens by sacrificing the preparatory affections, by destroying the force of relationships that render the marriage state as necessary as respectable. But, if a private education produces self-importance, or insulates a man in his family, the evil is only shifted, not remedied. By claiming that â€Å"evil is only shifted, not remedied,† Wollstonecraft meant that formal education does not prepare people for the knowledge that would become more important and useful in real life. This knowledge is not the wide expanse of information that one knows, nor the deep understanding of a discipline or study, but rather, the knowledge that one has in having the best judgment and manner of interacting with other people. Moral development, in effect, was considered more important than intellectual development because it is through a healthy psyche that humanity is able to move forward and leave the ways of the ‘primitive human. ‘ This primitive being is one who is not able to control his emotions and desires, seeking and pursuing these at the detriment of other people’s lives and welfare. With social progress in mind, Wollstonecraft proposes that education or intellectual development is not the sole key to it, but morality reigning in human societies as well. Wollstonecraft and Rousseau expressed their similarities in the belief that moral development is just as important in attaining intellectual development. However, when it comes to discussing role of women in the society and feminism, the authors have different perspective toward these issues. Wollstonecraft’s view of women and feminism is more radical and attempts to break the status quo (i. e. , the perceived dominance of males over females). Rousseau, meanwhile, sought to establish the fact that in general, men and women are equal in that they complement each other’s differences. Thus, for him, their differences are nature’s way of creating a balanced whole and harmony in the society. Wollstonecraft’s views were apparent in her discussion of education, where, after criticizing education in general, she applied the issue of the achievement of formal education in the context of the women’s sector and feminism. In her discussion of moral development as an essential factor in developing intellectual growth, she argued that women’s lack of opportunity to achieve formal education also resulted to their lack of moral growth. This means that because they were not exposed to ideas that would encourage the development of a moral character, women were left to act and behave attitudes and character that they deemed as ‘right’ and ‘pleasing’ to the society. She expressed dismay over women’s lack of privilege in education, both moral and intellectual, relegated her to the low and weak status in the society: No, it is indolence and vanity-the love of pleasure and the love of sway, that will rain paramount in an empty mind. I say empty emphatically, because the education which women now receive scarcely deserves the name. For the little knowledge that they are led to acquire, during the important years of youth, is merely relative to accomplishments; and accomplishments without a bottom, for unless the understanding be cultivated, superficial and monotonous is every grace. This passage reflected the fact that the perpetuation of a patriarchal society in the 18th century was due to many factors, which included the tolerance of women’s lack of privilege to develop themselves intellectually and morally. If women will not understand the repercussions that education can have in their lives, they will remain as â€Å"indolent† individuals possessing an â€Å"empty mind†-individuals who remain unchallenged and unknowing because they lack the knowledge to survive in a world where survival not only depended on physically, but intellectually and morally as well. Rousseau offered an opposing opinion to Wollstonecraft’s feminist ideals. In â€Å"Emile† (Book Five), he made it clear that â€Å"[t]o cultivate the masculine virtues in women and to neglect their own is obviously to do them an injury. Women are too clear-sighted to be thus deceived. When they try to usurp our privileges they do not abandon them. But the result is that being unable to manage the two, because they are incompatible, they fall below their own potential without reaching our’s and loose half their worth. † This assertion reflected how women, in their desire to be equal in skills and knowledge as men, weaken themselves in the process, for they were not able to cultivate their own skills and knowledge. Attaining equality with men by aspiring for their characteristics is abandoning one’s self and acquiring the identity of the other, thereby creating confusion and guilt. The woman is then left feeling weak because she had abandoned her true, strong self. It is through this point that Rousseau was able to explicate how males and females are equal in that they complement each other: one draws strength from the other, and become weak when they try to be not their true, strong selves. How to cite The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women, Papers

The accident Essay Example For Students

The accident Essay The AccidentEvery once and awhile Ill look back on my life and Ill laugh. Particularly at the times I spent with my best friend Nate and all the mischief we caused. I look back now and I think what the HELL were we doing? How did we not die? Have you ever sat down and had a conversation with a male teen between the ages of 14-17? I shouldve been locked away for that period of my life, I swear I was temporarily insane. I had NO concept of consequences or repercussions. I did whatever, whenever. Unfortunately this little package of immaturity also came with other misleading thoughts such as a sense of invincibility, a total disregard for any authority, and taking pretty much EVERYTHING in my life for granted. Whats also unfortunate, is that I had to learn all of these life lessons the hard way, and in one horrible night when I was just sixteen and a half years old. We will write a custom essay on The accident specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As I said, Nate and I are best friends, a little out of touch now, but best friends nonetheless. I guess it was the fact that we were both rebelling against the environment we were slowly growing up in that it made us so much alike. In a town where white-pride isnt just common, more like a way of life, we were just a couple of 12 year old kids looking for an escape. Whats strange about growing up in a small town is that it encourages a sense of self-value, independence, and creativity which can be lost in large towns or cities. I mean, if youre not doing something creative in our town, what the hell else would you be doing? So, Nate and I developed a VERY similar sense of humor. A dry sense of humor that I assume no one else really appreciated because we didnt have all that many other friends. We entered middle school with hopes of new experiences and meeting new interesting people. This was when I met Jeff, my other life-long-hetero friend. Jeff and I played hockey together when we were eight. He quit, and I hadnt seen him since. Once I introduced him to Nate, we all became very close friends. Finally the day came that every 16 year old dreams about. Jeff and I got our licenses. We were both a little older than most people in our graduating class, so we were a couple of the lucky kids. And on top of that, we both had very nice cars. Mine a blue, 96, Pontiac Grande Am, and his a blue, 94, Chevy Silverado pick up. Life was good. This is the part of my life I replay in my head most frequently. It was a cool summer night. I was hanging out with Nate, bored as usual, when Jeff stopped by with some interesting news. An abandoned stretch of 95! He said with excitement. I found where it is this morning. Without second thoughts Nate and I hopped into my car and followed Jeff to what he had promised to be a great time. We drove through a well hidden, off road trail and finally arrived. It was everything we had hoped for. Two lanes of perfectly straight asphalt that stretched about a mile to a mile and a half. So what else are three immature guys to do? Race. Nate and I buckled our safety belts (a life saving maneuver) as Jeff pulled up next to us. With his fingers he slowly signaled 1-2-3. I stomped on the gas. I heard my four exhaust pipes roar, the engine growling, almost beast-like, then the tires screeched in compliance as our car jumped forward and took off, leaving a cloud of smoke behind while Nate approvingly yelled, hooting and hollering with every loud sound the car was emitting. .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .postImageUrl , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:hover , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:visited , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:active { border:0!important; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:active , .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u241ed1d24f4ec89981fb5a66c3988c5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssayIn about three seconds I had caught up with Jeff, in about three more seconds he was two dots in my rear view mirror. I remember seeing complete blackness and then branches from what I came to find out was a large dead tree. I cut the wheel hard, not knowing where we were about to go next. I hit the brakes, but got no response.

Conjugation Tables for the Italian Verb Abitare (To Live in)

Conjugation Tables for the Italian Verb Abitare (To Live in) Abitare is a regular  first-conjugation Italian verb, meaning to live in, inhabit, or dwell in. It is a transitive verb, so it takes a  direct object. Conjugating Abitare The table gives the pronoun for each conjugation- io  (I),  tu  (you),  lui, lei  (he, she),  noi  (we),  voi  (you plural), and loro  (their). The tenses and moods are given in Italian- passato  prossimo  (present perfect),  imperfetto  (imperfect),  trapassato   prossimo  (past perfect)  passato   remoto  (remote past),  trapassato  remoto  (preterite perfect),  futuro  semplice  (simple future), and  futuro  anteriore  (future perfect)- first for the  indicative, followed by the subjunctive, conditional, infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. Indicative Presente io abito tu abiti lui, lei, Lei abita noi abitiamo voi abitate loro, Loro abitano Imperfetto io abitavo tu abitavi lui, lei, Lei abitava noi abitavamo voi abitavate loro, Loro abitavano Passato Remoto io abitai tu abitasti lui, lei, Lei abit noi abitammo voi abitaste loro, Loro abitarono Futuro Semplice io abiter tu abiterai lui, lei, Lei abiter noi abiteremo voi abiterete loro, Loro abiteranno Passato Prossimo io ho abitato tu hai abitato lui, lei, Lei ha abitato noi abbiamo abitato voi avete abitato loro, Loro hanno abitato Trapassato Prossimo io avevo abitato tu avevi abitato lui, lei, Lei aveva abitato noi avevamo abitato voi avevate abitato loro, Loro avevano abitato Trapassato Remoto io ebbi abitato tu avesti abitato lui, lei, Lei ebbe abitato noi avemmo abitato voi aveste abitato loro, Loro ebbero abitato Future Anteriore io avr abitato tu avrai abitato lui, lei, Lei avr abitato noi avremo abitato voi avrete abitato loro, Loro avranno abitato Subjunctive/Congiuntivo Presente io abiti tu abiti lui, lei, Lei abiti noi abitiamo voi abitiate loro, Loro abitino Imperfetto io abitassi tu abitassi lui, lei, Lei abitasse noi abitassimo voi abitaste loro, Loro amassero Passato io abbia abitato tu abbia abitato lui, lei, Lei abbia abitato noi abbiamo abitato voi abbiate abitato loro, Loro abbiano abitato Trapassato io avessi abitato tu avessi abitato lui, lei, Lei avesse abitato noi avessimo abitato voi aveste abitato loro, Loro avessero abitato Conditional Presente io abiterei tu abiteresti lui, lei, Lei abiterebbe noi abiteremmo voi abitereste loro, Loro abiterebbero Passato io avrei abitato tu avresti abitato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe abitato noi avremmo abitato voi avreste abitato loro, Loro avrebbero abitato Imperative/Imperativo Presente abita abiti abitiamo abitate abitino Infinitive/Infinito Presente abitare Passato avere abitato Participle/Participio Presente abitante Passato abitato Gerund/Gerundio Presente abitando Passato avendo abitato Understanding  First-Conjugation Verbs First-conjugation Italian verbs like  abitare  are the easiest to learn and conjugate.  Verbs with infinitives ending in  -are  are called first conjugation, or  -are, verbs. To conjugate the present tense of a regular -are  verb, for example, drop the infinitive ending  -are  and add the appropriate endings to the resulting stem. To form the first-person present tense of  abitare, drop the  -are  and add the correct ending (o)  to the stem,  abit-, to get  abito, which means I live in. To form the second-person present tense, use the same method: drop the -are and add the appropriate ending (i) to form abiti. Use the above tables to learn conjugations for abitare  in other tenses and moods.

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish)

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish) The French verb for to abolish is  abolir. It is one of the easiest to conjugate because it is a regular verb and follows a distinct pattern.   Conjugating the French  Abolir In French, verbs need to be conjugated to match the tense and the subject of the sentence. We do the same in English by adding -s or -ed to verbs, its just a little more complex in French. However, the good news here is that  abolir  is a  regular -ir verb. That means that it follows the conjugation pattern of similar verbs that end with -ir  and once you learn one, the rest are relatively easy. To conjugate  abolir, match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or, in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense. The present, future, and imperfect past tenses are listed in this chart. For instance, to say I abolish, you would say jabolis. To say we will abolish, it is nous abolirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j abolis abolirai abolissais tu abolis aboliras abolissais il abolit abolira abolissait nous abolissons abolirons abolissions vous abolissez abolirez abolissiez ils abolissent aboliront abolissaient The Present Participle of  Abolir The present participle of  abolir  is  abolissant. The  -ant  ending is equivalent to the English  -ing  and, therefore, refers to abolishing. When constructing sentences, you can use this as an adjective, gerund, noun, or verb. The Passà © Composà ©Ã‚  Form of  Abolir The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is used often in French to express the past tense, in this case abolished. Its very easy to conjugate, you simply need a couple of things. First of all, the  auxiliary (or helping) verb  that is used with abolir  is  avoir. This will need to be conjugated to fit the subject and tense. Then, ​you need the  past participle  of abolir  and that is aboli. With that information, you can easily say I abolished, in French: jai aboli. More Conjugations for Abolir Those are the basic conjugations for  abolir, but there are more. You may not use all of these though its good to be aware of them in case you do. The subjunctive is used when the verb is uncertain and the conditional when its dependent upon something. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily used in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j abolisse abolirais abolis abolisse tu abolisses abolirais abolis abolisses il abolisse abolirait abolit abolt nous abolissions abolirions abolmes abolissions vous abolissiez aboliriez aboltes abolissiez ils abolissent aboliraient abolirent abolissent You may also use the imperative with  abolir. This verb form is used in short, direct sentences that are more of a command or request. To use the imperative, you do not have to include the subject pronoun as it is implied in the verb. For instance, rather than tu abolis, you can simply say abolis. Imperative (tu) abolis (nous) abolissons (vous) abolissez

Employees Performance Appraisal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employees Performance Appraisal - Coursework Example It makes it easier for the employers to determine the career path for their employees. One of the difference between potential appraisal and performance appraisal is the criterion. The criterion used is to analyze the goals achieved by an employee and what skills he or she currently possesses that could be helpful in indicating the ability of that employee to assume an advanced set of responsibilities. On the other hand, Performance Appraisal refers to the appraisal of the work performed by an employee. Performance appraisal aims at evaluating the employee’s ability to perform the job he is given and whether he has been provided the job in accordance with his potential. Performance appraisal may be performed following a simpler criterion in terms of the quality, quantity, cost and time of the work performed by an employee. Performance appraisal is not future oriented therefore it cannot be used to predict the performance of an employee. Unlike potential appraisal, its purpose is to determine whether the employee has performed satisfactorily. QUESTION 2 Discuss the linkage between â€Å"Potential Appraisal† and â€Å"Career Development†. There is a stable linkage between Potential Appraisal and Career Development. ... The set of skills that are analyzed in the potential appraisal are; communication skills, leadership skills, inter-personal skills, ability to adapt to different scenarios, decision making skills, ability to work as a team and the ability to take initiatives. All these set of skills are highly helpful in the career development of an employee. By analyzing these skills, an employee would know his strengths and weaknesses and it would give him a chance to capitalize on his strengths and to improve his weak skills. In another scenario, if an employee is strong in a particular skill, he would be able to determine his career path based on that skill. For example; a person with strong communication skills can choose marketing as his career. A person with strong leadership skills can develop his career in management. Thus, potential appraisal is linked with the career development of the employees. QUESTION 3 Identify the manager’s main responsibilities when conducting Potential Appra isal. When conducting a potential appraisal, manager should follow the pattern of the appraisal which is the most effective. The manager should formulate the appraisal in such a manner that the purpose of the appraisal is completely achieved. Initially, all the employees whose potential appraisal is to be conducted should be listed by the manager and the manager should conduct the appraisals individually. Another responsibility of the manager is to gather complete information about the employee with regard to his current position and his set of responsibilities. The manager should utilize the results of the performance appraisal to make the potential appraisal more effective. The manager should take into account the performance of the employee in his

Strategic Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Plan - Research Paper Example As the consumer demands are ever changing, this industry has also constantly evolved over the years. Emergence of new entrants and constant innovation by the existing firms in this industry has induced tough competition. Companies are now planning strategies to increase the sustainability of their organization’s growth. The present report aims to identify the business drivers of Wal-Mart retailer and prepare an effective strategic plan for future growth and development. Company description Wal-Mart is the largest corporation in the world. It is also the biggest private employer in the United States of America (Yoffie & Wang, 2002). However, the company was first established as a self-service discount store by Sam Walton, in the year 1962. At the end of 1993, Wal-Mart was one of the top discount departmental stores in the world. The company is headquartered at Bentonville, Arkansas, United States. The company has established more than 8500 stores across the globe. Product portf olio of the company includes, apparel, warehouse club, footwear specialty, cash & carry, supercenter, superstore, discount store, hypermarket, supermarket. Wal-Mart resource and capabilities The brand name of Wal-Mart has become synonymous to value for money over the course of time. Wal-Mart follows a low cost and leadership strategy (Johnson & Scholes, 1999). Macroscopic view of Wal-Mart’s competitive strategy shows that the company uses resource based model in order to develop a value chain proposition which cannot be matched by competitors. Though Wal-Mart shows little adaptability to its formats in overseas expansions, most of its store operations are leaders in their local areas (Colla & Dupuis, 2002). The fundamental principles followed by the company are providing everyday low prices, commit to customer service and maintain technological superiority and establishing loyalty among suppliers and associates. Supermarkets of Wal-Mart in international location have less fin ancial risk due to bulk sales. About 10 billion dollars are saved by the American customers by shopping at Wal-Mart (Buffet, 2003). Competitive advantage for Wal-Mart lies in its ability of cost differentiation and strong distribution channel across the globe (Van Weele, 2009). Current direction Global economy is decelerating due to various reasons such as Euro zone crisis and economic recession which started in the year 2008. Retailers such as Marks & Spencer, John Lewis, Target, Wal-Mart, Kohl and others are struggling to maintain sales growth while other retail players such as Nordstrom, Saks and Neiman Marcus have recorded same store sales growth of 12% last year (Arnold, 2002). Global retailers are facing following trends to change the dynamics of business operation. This has compelled organizations like Wal-Mart to make strategic plan in order to remain profitable and competitive in this dynamic market (Simon et al., 2011). The objective of the current strategic direction will be to evaluate the resources and capabilities of the retail gain and make appropriate recommendations for future planning. SWOT Analysis In order to understand the internal and external strengths and weaknesses, a SWOT analysis of Wal-Mart has been done. Strengths With revenue of more than 400 million dollars, Wal-Mart is undoubtedly one of the largest retailers in the world. As a result of large operational scale, the company can exercises strong power on suppliers in order to

Strategy Of Tesco To Nigeria Commerce Essay

Strategy Of Tesco To Nigeria Commerce Essay This report seeks to analyse the different modes of entry into a foreign market available to an organisation, showing their relevant strengths and weaknesses. For the purpose of this, Tesco Plc. has been chosen, showing the various entry modes available to the organisation as it seeks to diversify into the Nigerian grocery market. In an attempt to evaluate these entry modes, this report has been structured into three main parts: First, PESTLE and Porters five forces as tools used to assess the attractiveness of a given market were analysed showing their strengths and weaknesses. The second part of this report focuses on the value chain and SWOT analysis as analytical tools which can be used by an organisation to gauge its internal capabilities. Finally, the different entry modes available to Tesco such as; exporting, licencing, franchising, joint venture and wholly foreign owned enterprise (WFOE) were discussed and the most appropriate mode of entry recommended. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Strategy is a long term direction of an organisation (Johnson et al 2011). It is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a specific goal, directed towards the achievement of the set objectives of an organisation. According to Jones and Hill 2010, strategy is a set of related actions that managers take to increase their companys performance. It shows the plans and actions carried out by managers in an organisation to improve its performance and gain a position of advantage over its competitors. Strategy shows the position of the organisation in relation to its external environment, the strategic choices and directions available to the organisation and the action plan on how to achieve the strategies in line with the organisations goal and objective. Strategy is a design or plan for achieving a companys policy, goals and objectives; it is a design or plan that defines how policy is to be achieved (Davies 2000). Huff et al 2009, sees strategy as a purposeful attempt to achieve an objective. This shows that the strategic plan of an organisation is intended and directed towards the achievement of the objectives of the organisation. Corporate Level StrategyThree levels of strategy exist in an organisation; Business Level Strategy Operational Level Strategy Figure 1: Levels of strategy (Adapted from Johnson et al 2011) The corporate level strategy is a strategy that affects the overall scope of the organisation, the business level strategy is a strategy made at the strategic business units in an organisation and such strategy does not affect the whole organisation. While the operational level strategy deals with the processes or people used in implementing both the corporate and business level strategies. In an attempt to understand these concepts defined above, this report will address the market entry potentials and the different modes of entry available to Tesco in its bid to internationalise into the Nigerian grocery market, using relevant tools and framework. This report will be structured to address three different tasks: First the analytical tools used in gauging the attractiveness of a given market such as; PESTLE, Porters five forces, Porters Diamond, Scenarios, BCG matrix etc. Secondly, analytical tools such as Value chain, SWOT, Strategy canvas, Ansoff matrix, Value network etc. used to gauge the internal capabilities of an organisation, with emphasis laid on the value chain and SWOT analysis, will be assessed. Finally the different modes of entry available to Tesco, such as exporting, licensing, franchising, sales subsidiary, joint venture, wholly owned enterprise will be discussed in details in this report and the most appropriate mode of entry recommended for the organis ation. 2.0 ANALYTICAL TOOLS USED TO GAUGE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF A MARKET A strategic decision maker has a range of analytical tools which could be used for this purpose, such as; PESTLE, Porters Five Forces, Scenario Analysis, Porters Diamond etc. these analytical tools helps the manager to assess the attractiveness of a given market in terms of cost, profitability, competition and other external factors which might influence the smooth operation of the organisation in the market. Scenario Analysis: Scenario analysis helps strategic decision makers to manage and minimize relevant risk and it also helps them to address key uncertainties which might arise in future. A scenario may depict an explanation of how some future state evolves including the sequence of events, conditions or changes that precede or cause the future states to occur (Linneman et al, 1983). Porters Diamond: This tool proposes that the characteristics of the national environment influence the competitive advantages of a nation (Mann and Byun 2011). Four interrelated determinants of national advantage have been identified in the work of Dogl et al 2012, that influence competitive advantage of organisations such as; factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. In order to assess the attractiveness of a given market, emphasis will be laid by this report on the PESTLE and Porters five forces, bringing out their relative strength and weaknesses. 2.1 PESTLE ANALSIS Pestle analysis is in effect an audit of organisations external environmental influences with the purpose of using this information for strategic decision making (CIPD 2010). It is an important macro-environmental audit tool, which shows the various factors in an organisations external environment likely to affect the operation of the organisation. These factors includes; political, economic, social, technological, legislative and environmental. Pestle analysis consists of carefully determining all these factors and finding out exactly in what way and to what extent these factors influence a certain organisation and it also provides the organisation with vital information about its environment; hence it is a mandatory analysis (Marketing Minefield 2012). Organisation Legislative Environmental Economic Social Political Technological Figure 2: PESTLE Framework of an organisation (Adapted from Marketing Minefield) Political: This represents the way through which the government and political situation of a country influence the performance of an organisation. Political forces can influence marketing decisions by setting the rules by which the business will be conducted (Jobber 2010). Some of the political factors which are likely to influence an organisation include; Political stability Tax policy and reforms Trade restrictions Consumer protection laws Government policies and rule of law The political instability evidenced in Nigeria at present and other government policies and laws are likely challenges to Tescos internationalisation strategy to Nigeria. Economic: Prevalent economic conditions in a given country will pose a great challenge to the operations of an organisation. According to Kotler et al 2008, the economic also consists of factors that affect the consumer purchasing power and spending pattern. Some of these factors are; Income distribution Labour cost Fluctuations in interest and exchange rate Rate of economic growth Inflation Cost of living Income distribution, poor infrastructure and inflation in Nigeria are some of the factors Tesco should consider before moving into the Nigerian market. Socio-cultural: Changes in the socio-cultural trends of a country such as the population growth rate, health, social attitudes, age distribution and cultural beliefs of the country can affect the operation of an organisation and therefore have a direct impact on the demand for the companys product. Technological: The rate of technological advancement today will pose a challenge to an organisation. Rapid change in technology is a huge factor that will influence an organisation. Hence organisations have to be aware of the current technological trend of the environment in which they carry out their business. Some of the technological factors likely to influence an organisation are; Internet and various information systems Speed of technology transfer Impact of emerging technologies. Research and development Legal: Laws such as, health and safety laws, consumer protection laws, licensing laws, competition and employment laws prevalent in any country will affect the smooth operation of organisations. Environmental: These are laws or factors on the surrounding environment of an organisation which can influence the way the organisations operates. Factors such as environmental laws and regulations, waste disposal, energy consumption, geographic location are likely to affect an organisation. 2.2 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF PESTLE ANALYSIS STRENGTHS It provides the organisation with a better understanding of the prevailing conditions in their business environment. It helps organisations to detect or anticipate future problems and take necessary actions to avoid or cushion its effect. Opens up available business opportunities for the organisation to exploit. It encourages the development of strategic thinking within an organisation. WEAKNESSES PESTLE analysis could be time consuming and expensive to carry out. It does not take into consideration key players in the organisations industry such as the competitors (analysed by the five forces) which could be a great force to reckon. The analysis needs to be reviewed on a regular basis for it to be effective. Results of the analysis are often subjective and could be based on assumptions. 2.3 PORTERS FIVE FORCES Bargaining power of Suppliers Bargaining power of Buyers Threats of new EntrantsThe five forces framework helps to identify the attractiveness of an industry or sector in terms of the competitive forces (Johnson et al 2008). It offers a way of assessing the likely strength of competition in any given market (Blythe 2006). Competitive rivalry Threats of Substitutes Figure 3: Porters Five Forces Model (Adapted). The aim of the Porters five forces analysis is to identify the nature, strength and impact of these competitive pressures so that individual forms can create strategies that defend them from their impact or influence them in their favour (Kippenberger 1998). It forms a useful starting point for undertaking a competitive analysis (Brassington and Pettitt 2006). Threats of New Entrants: This refers to the possibility of new firms entering into the industry. New entrants into an industry have the potential of increasing the level of competition in such industry, thereby reducing its attractiveness. Some of the barriers of entry into an industry are; Economies of scale Capital requirement Customer Loyalty Experience Government restrictions (Licensing) The entry barrier in the Nigeria grocery market is low; hence this will not pose a challenge to Tesco moving into the country. Although there will be a strong retaliation from companies operating in the industry such as Shoprite and Spar. Threats of Substitutes: substitutes are products or services with similar benefits or attributes to a companys product. This may exist when the demand of a companys product reduces due to a change in the price or performance of a substitute product. Determinants of threats of substitute include, Price and performance of substitutes Relative switching costs to substitute products. Bargaining Power of Buyers: If the buyers have a high bargaining power, they can demand lower prices, product or service improvements and this will in turn affect the profit of the organisation. The most important determinant of buyer power is the size and the concentration of customers (Karagiannopoulos et al 2005). Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers will definitely affect the attractiveness of a given market. If suppliers of a companys products possess high power, they tend to fix the prices of their products and might eat up the profits of the company. Suppliers tend to possess more powers when; There few and concentrated suppliers Switching cost is high Suppliers provide a specialist or rare input. The bargaining power of suppliers in the Nigeria market could be between medium to high and Tesco has to consider this before moving into the country. A backward integration of maybe an alliance with the suppliers will be a good strategy to adopt in order to avoid the effect of suppliers powers. Competitive Rivalry: These are organisations in the same industry with similar products and services, also targeting the same customers. Threats from competitors are the most important challenge facing an organisation. The major competitors in the Nigerian grocery market which could pose a challenge to Tesco are, Shoprite, Spar and Mega Plaza. Tesco in order to avoid the effect of these competitors could be either cost focus by offering quality products at a reduced price or focus differentiation by targeting a different segment of the market. 2.4 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FIVE FORCES STRENGTHS The five forces shows the attractiveness of a given market It provides a detailed analysis of the key players in the industry such as the suppliers, buyers and competitors. It is a useful tool used in strategic planning in organisations. It opens up the relevant threats in the companys industry such as the threats from competitors. WEAKNESSES The model fails to consider other macro-environmental factors such as political, economic, legal etc. (like the PESTLE model) which might affect the operation of an organisation. Porters model does not pay much attention to non-market sources of change in an organisation (McGowan and Mahon 2000). It does not consider the possibility of creating a new market. 2.5 COMPARISON OF THE PESTLE AND PORTERS FIVE FORCES From the discussions of both analytical tools, the PESTLE focuses more on the macro-environmental factors that can affect an organisations operation and fails to take note of the key players in the organisations industry such as suppliers, buyers and competitors whose impact could also affect an organisation. The five forces while trying to bridge the gap by analysing the organisations immediate environment, took into recognition the buyers, suppliers and competitors, which is an important player in the industry. However, it fails to have a broader view and consider other factors within the organisations external environment which can affect the operation of the organisation. 3.0 ANALYTICAL TOOLS USED TO GUAGE THE INTERNAL CAPABILITIES OF A COMPANY Analytical tools such as the value chain, SWOT, value network, strategy canvas etc. are available for use by a strategic decision maker to assess the internal capabilities of a company moving into a new market. However, for the purpose of this report, the SWOT analysis and the value chain will be used, showing their respective strengths and weaknesses. 3.1 POTERS VALUE CHAIN A value chain is an interrelated series of processes that produces a service or product to the satisfaction of the customers. It involves internal linkages between a firms core processes, its supporting processes and its external linkages with the processes of its customers and suppliers (krajewski et al 2007). A value chain therefore refers to all those activities that support the process of value creation in an organisation. There are a lot of activities grouped into the primary and supporting activities that shows the internal capabilities of a firm as it creates value for the whole organisation. IT Infrastructure Supporting Activities Inbound Logistics Human Resource Margin Finance Procurement Outbound Logistics Services Marketing and Sales Operations Margin Primary Activities Figure 4: Porters Value Chain (Adapted) According to Kippenberger 1997, the value chain is designed to show the total value of a firm and consists of the firms value activities aimed at improving its margin. The values chain evaluates each activity in the organisation and the way it creates or adds value to the whole organisation through its margin (profit). The way an organisation creates value through its activities creates a good position about the organisation in the minds of its customers. This suggests that if an organisation creates adequate value through its activities and its relationship with its customers, it will gain a competitive advantage over its competitors and increase its margin as well. For Tesco to survive in the Nigeria grocery market, it is important that it understands and improve on its internal capabilities (resources and competences), thereby creating adequate value through its activities as this will give it a competitive advantage over its competitors. A companys competitive advantage largely depends on how it manages all its value creation activities in relation to competitors in the same industry. Tesco can create value for its through its activities by: Offering unique product or service. High quality and low-priced products (being cost focus). Immediate response to the changing environment and customer needs. Developing distinctive capabilities to meet the needs and demands of customers effectively. 3.2 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE VALUE CHAIN STRENGTHS The value chain shows the activities and the processes involved in creating value in an organisation. Information provided by the value chain forms a basis for an organisation to develop alternative strategies. It enables an organisation to identify its internal capabilities, strengths and weaknesses. Value chain helps the organisation to determine its value creation to customers; this will enable them to note areas of improvement. It reveals an organisations competitive position with competitors in the same industry. It enables organisations to determine their strategic position and make good strategic decisions. WEAKNESSES The value chain analysis is designed only for the organisations internal purposes. Value chain activities of an organisation cannot exist individually; hence cooperation between the activities is required for the chain to function properly (Glaser 2008). It focuses more on profit and how to increase the margin of the organisation. 3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS Undesirable DesirableA SWOT analysis is a structured approach to evaluating the strategic position of a business by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It provides a simple method of synthesizing the results of the marketing audit (Jobber, 2010). A SWOT analysis of an organisation shows a summary of the organisations traits or competences, which are its strengths and weaknesses, as well as the competitive factors it faces in its environment (opportunities and threats). A good SWOT analysis of an organisation will expose the opportunities available to the organisation as well as the threats which could pose a challenge to the smooth operation of the organisation. A proper understanding of the SWOT of an organisation will enable the organisation to convert its weaknesses into strength and the threats in its environment into opportunities. Strengths Weaknesses Uncontrollable Controllable Threats Opportunities Figure 5: SWOT Framework (Adapted from Novicevic et al 2004) The SWOT analysis shows a summary of the firms marketing situation which encompasses the findings form the internal and external strategic analysis that provides the back-end planning perspective of controllable and uncontrollable variables/events (Novicevic et al 2004). According to Duarte et al 2006, a SWOT analysis is a way to analyse the environment, allowing for the segregation of the environment into internal strengths and weakness and the external opportunities and threats as well as positive and negative environment. For Tescos internationalisation strategy, a SWOT analysis of the company should be properly carried out to assess its internal capabilities through its strengths and weaknesses, and its ability to survive in the environment by overcoming the threats and turning them into opportunities. SWOT analysis of Tesco Plc. is shown below; Strengths Weaknesses Strong brand image Unique products Strong financial position Large size Good customer service High reliance on the UK market Exposed to macro-economic issues in some markets Opportunities Threats Strategic alliances Diversification into new markets Increase international growth Develop additional services Strong and stiff competition Economic recession Political instability and government policies Fluctuations in exchange rate Figure 6: SWOT Analysis of Tesco Tesco has to adopt the conversion and matching strategies in order to use its internal capabilities to overcome its weaknesses and threats in the environment. Hence, weaknesses can be converted to strengths, threats into opportunities and its strengths matched with the opportunities. 3.4 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS SWOT analysis is used to assess an organisations competitiveness, capabilities and core competences. It guides the organisation in setting objectives for strategic planning and decision making. It exposes the opportunities available to an organisation as well as the threats. It aids the organisation to take advantage of its strengths to address the weaknesses. WEAKNESSES High dependence on external factors relies on the PESTLE analysis and other environmental scanning models. It does not provide solutions or offer alternative decisions to issues identified. While SWOT is useful to profile and enumerate issues, it does not provide actual strategies to implement and take advantage of opportunities while leveraging strengths (Helms et al 2011). 3.5 COMPARISON OF THE VALUE CHAIN AND SWOT The value chain focuses on the internal capabilities of the organisation as it strives to improve on its activities to create more value while satisfying the needs of its customers. It fails to analyse external threats to the organisation or opportunities which could be explored by the organisation. Also, the value chain seeks to improve the margin of the organisation through it activities, rather than evaluate the strengths and opportunities which could be of great help in improving the margin of the organisation. SWOT analysis on the other hand, while trying to look at the internal capabilities of the organisation through its strengths and weaknesses, also considers the relevant threat and opportunities in the organisations environment. This guides the organisation in setting its objectives for strategic planning and decision making. Hence, an understanding of the SWOT analysis is very essential for any organisation as this will form the basis upon which it creates value for itself. 4.0 INTERNATIONAL MARKET ENTRY MODES There are several foreign market entry modes available to organisations seeking to internationalise into new markets. According to Sun, H. (1999), entry modes are seen as the forms of capital participation by an organisation in international enterprises and two basic entry modes exist; wholly owned subsidiary and joint venture. Internationalisation strategy of an organisation will involve great resource commitment; hence the mode of entry is a very important strategic decision to avoid failure. However, for Tescos strategy to enter into the Nigerian market, the following entry modes are available to them; exporting, licencing, franchising, alliances, mergers and acquisition, sales subsidiary, joint venture and wholly foreign owned enterprise(WFOE). 4.1 EXPORTING According to Joynt, P and Welch, L. (1985), most organisations begin their international operations through exporting rather than other means of entry such as licensing or foreign direct investment. Exporting as a mode of entry into a foreign market involves the exportation of countrys product into a foreign market. This could be driven by the need to extend customer base, increase profit, or due to limited growth potential in the home country. Exporting is particularly important in the exchange world system and it is largely used as a mode of entry into foreign markets for manufactured goods firm, especially those in the early stage of internationalisation (Khemakhem 2010). Exporting could be either direct, where the goods of an organisation is exported directly to a partner firm in the country or indirect through the use of intermediaries. 4.1.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF EXPORTING STRENGTHS It is considered as the easiest, simplest and most used mode of entry. Risk involved is minimal due to limited investment. It creates an opportunity for the organisation to study the overseas market preferences before investing in the country. Exporting helps an organisation to achieve economies of scale by manufacturing its products in one location and exporting to a larger market. It is cost effective and improves the margin of an organisation. WEAKNESSES Trade restrictions and laws in some countries could pose a huge challenge to exporting. Transportation cost and distribution channel problems. Stiff competition from indigenous firms. Export licenses and custom laws may vary in different locations. 4.2 LICENSING This is a form of contractual agreement whereby the licensor grants access to property rights which could be patents, trademark or know-how to the licensee in exchange for some form of payment. According to Okoroafo (1992), licensing is seen as direct investment royalties, license fees and other fees for the sale of intangible property rights including patents, industrial processes, trademarks, copyrights, designs, know-how, techniques etc. 4.2.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF LICIENCING STRENGTHS Licensing creates an opportunity for future investment into a given market. It enables expansion with limited direct exposure to risk and low investment. It creates rapid entry into a foreign market. Creates access to new markets not easily accessible by exports or other modes of entry. It maximizes return from an investment. WEAKNESSES There is limited control due to the contractual agreement. Difficulty in identifying what to licence. Terminating the agreement might be difficult till the expiration of the contractual duration. Licensing can create competition as the foreign partner might become a competitor. 4.3 FRANCHISING Franchising is a special form of licencing in which the franchiser makes a total marketing program such as brand name, logo, products or method of operation, available to the franchisee for a fee (Gillespie et al 2004). Franchising is often used for indirect entry into a foreign market and most local service firms get the exclusive right to a marketing concept, which may also include right to a certain operational mode (Gronroos 1999). In franchising, the franchisee obtains the right to sell the franchisors product or use his brand name or logo for business purposes, this method has been adopted by organisations in recent times and its mostly seen in the fast food industries. 4.3.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF FRANCHISING STRENGTHS Franchising encourages rapid growth and expansion. It involves a low cost of investment with minimal risk. Franchisor can tap on the franchisees wealth of experience, financial and managerial capabilities. Franchising improves brand development. WEAKNESSES There might be cases of the franchisee giving the brand a bad reputation. Control restrictions on how the business would be run by the franchise agreement. There might be reduced margins or profit if the franchisee fails to manage the business efficiently. Difficulties experienced by the franchisee may directly affect the franchisor. 4.4 JOINT VENTURE Joint venture is a form of strategic alliance where two or more organisations pull resources together to create a separate legal entity. It is seen as a contractual agreement and a mode of entry into the foreign market, whereby a foreign firm brings in its wealth of experience and expertise to create a business with an indigenous organisation. Joint venture allows the firms to pull and combine their resources together for the purpose of creating a new entity. The parties involved share the risk, expenses and profits from the venture together. According to Davis et al 1996, joint venture provides a vehicle for the cooperation between organisations with different but complementary strategies. 4.4.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF JOINT VENTURE STRENGTHS It creates access to organisations into foreign market and increases their distribution network. Inherent risk involved in the business, operating expenses and losses is shared between the two organisations. Joint venture pulls resources, expertise, core competencies and capabilities from different organisation to create a new entity. It creates synergy, sharing of skills, technology and experience between the organisations involved. It gives competitive strength to the new organisation and creates a stronger defence against competitors. WEAKNESSES There might be conflict of interest between the organisations. Problem of control and management of the new venture. Profit is shared between the organisations involved in the venture. Cultural differences, economic and political systems in the foreign environment might pose a challenge to the venture. 4.5 WHOLLY OWNED FOREIGN ENTERPRISE This is a mode of foreign market entry where an organisation creates its own enterprise in another country. For instance, Tesco moving into the Nigerian grocery market and open new Tesco stores. This mode of entry is different from the others because the organisation has sole ownership and management of the new enterprise. A wholly owned enterprise is seen as a permanent enterprise in the host country wholly owned by the entrant, where profits and responsibilities are assigned exclusively to th

Licensing in fashion industry

What is the meaning of licensing agreement? The verb to license is synonymous of give permission. A licensing agreement is an authorization to use licensed material granted by a party named: Licensor to another party called: Licensee. This is a contract between this two parties. The purpose of a licensing agreement is the authorized use of the licensee's trademark, by the licensee, specified in the terms of the contract.We know two different types of licensing based in the use of common trademarks or famous trademarks. The Licensing in fashion industries is based in the use of famous brands such us Airman, Dolce & Cabana, Pravda and other mansion. A license under intellectual property has several components such us: ?+ Term ?+ Auditing: quality control monitoring ?+ Advertising and other costs connected to promotion ?+ Exclusivity ?+ Termination: Renewal ?+ Infringement: Litigation The assignment of a license often depends on specific contractual terms.The licensing agreement is only applicable for a particular geographic region, Just for a certain period of time or barely for a stage in the value chain. L 1. Advantages of a licensing agreement. When a society decides to put in place a licensing agreement must assess what are the benefits that will arise from the relationship between Licensor and Licensee. ?+ Advantages for Licensor: as in all the contract is important to have a return.A licensing agreement is useful to enlarge the society's geographic market; to decentralized and differentiate the offer in order to reduce the business risks; to increase the recognition, popularity and fame of her core brands, giving the same image of trademark in each store and in all points of sales; financial benefits in remarry market due to positive feedback in licensee's products and in secondary market because of royalties in licensee's sales. ?+ Advantages for Licensee: industrial benefits in order to increase the range of licensee's products by making them more recogni zable by supporting low costs to rise trademark distinctiveness. . 3 terms of the contract. A successful brand licensing requires a planned strategy: ?+ to determine core brand's values in order to use them in the new category of products. ?+ to identify the level of differentiation desired. ?+ the achievement of leverage in the new category of products/services. . 4 several risks for the parties. One of the risks for licensor is due to the lack of monetary return: Royalties. But the major risk is the loss of control regarding the uniqueness of the brand (the customer feel inaccessible the trademark's products). The licensee's product are always not in line with the concept of trademark, so its value is blurred. The market confusion regarding the change of the trademark's strategic position that cause the disorientation of loyal costumer. The risk of lower quality of licensee's products than the quality of licensee's services, that bring consumers to Judge products not good enough t o be acquired. The high cost of license agreement. The impossibility to have enough time and business to recoup the investments. The risk of management of unsold goods and inventories.The licensor and the licensee must discuss about the licensing agreement in order to decrease the risks. There are many clauses which the parties can establish to better define the terms of the contract in order to ameliorate the performance. The subject of the major clauses regards the fees beyond royalties, sub-licenses and the costs connected with promotion and advertising of trademark's products. The base of a good licensing agreement is the correct and clear information about the firm: its value, positioning and the quality of its image. 1. Rules about Licensing agreement in USA. The Layman act 1125: the mistake caused by any people who in commerce uses any word, name, symbol or the combination of both similar to another recognizable trademark could be liable in a civil action. According to the La yman act 1064 a petition to cancel a registration of trademark may be changed at any time if the trademark is used by the registrant or with his permission so as to misrepresent the resource of goods or services in connection with which the mark is used. 3 1. 6 Licensing agreement in European law.Art 51 the rights of the owner of a community trademark must be revoked, the licensee is liable to misrepresent the public. Both in USA and in EX. the licensee run two typologies of risks: ?+ common repairs ?+ cancellation As we said in the first part of the essay the licensor has an economic advantage to defend the power and recognition of the trademark but he has also a Juridical interest not to lose the registration of trademark. 4 1. 7 How to defend the trademark. The licensor has two possibilities to preserve his trademark. Ђ?+ Ex ante he can includes in the licensing agreement clauses about monitoring and inspecting the quality and the standards of the services provided. Licensee' s purpose and licensee's interest must be aliened. ?+ Ex post the licensor could act against the licensee if he did not respect the contract (like the quality of the service) or if he forged the trademark. 2. 1 The brand Licensing. Introduction. The license agreement relates to a right granted by a permit, if there is not this authorization the use of the mark is an illegal act.The license agreement must not be confused with a permit that relates to a license for a shorter period of time. The brand licensing deals with the granting of licenses by those who own the trademark to those who are interested (individuals or companies) to use them in the production of the products, over a period of time and in a defined territory. The brand licensing, especially in the fashion industry, is used to extend own brands to products of an entirely different nature.The licensor has the advantages such as: being able to choose the products to be sold under license and authorize the sale of prototyp es ND choose the best licensee. The benefits in a license agreement also concern the licensee, he may increase his market power by strengthening the brand through brand recognition, increase its sales going to extend the range of audiences served, develop models and sell them in special shops. Enter into a contract brings benefits to both of the parties: the licensee must paid periodically (monthly, semi-annually depending on terms of the contract signed by both parties) royalties to the licensor.And the licensee has a return on sales and investments with the exploitation of licensor' s trademark. Most of the major Italian fashion industries enters into licensing agreements for ancillary products, such as perfumes, sunglasses, watches (an example is that of D or Airman) or for the production of knitwear, such as Ralph Lauren. The fashion licensing is the most widespread among the license agreements between industries. As we said before it mostly concerns the dissemination of product s relating to health and beauty, accessories, clothing and household products. N some cases the brand owner decides to license the production, distribution and marketing of its core apparel categories, in other cases, he designer of the brand identifies specific categories that can be licensed by extending the brand into areas other than those of clothing. The licensor maintains strict control over the quality and the design. 2. 2 Airman case a practical example. We can see a practical example with the license agreement signed in 2011 between Airman and Ululation for the production and distribution of prescription frames and sunglasses.The Airman Group has decided not to renew the licensing agreement with Safari, expiring on December 31, 2012, in favor of Ululation. The licensing agreement with Ululation, anticipated with the signing of a letter of intent basis, in November 2011, for a ten-year exclusive license agreement for the design, production and distribution worldwide for col lections of sunglasses and prescription eye-wear under the Giorgio Airman, Emporium Airman and a / X from 2013.After ten years of intense collaboration with Safari the Airman group decides not to renew the contract, a serious loss in the short period (150-200 million euros) for Safely that is certain to recover it in the long term thanks to licensing agreements with Polo Ralph Lauren ND Cline. Andrea Gouger, CEO of Ululation says: â€Å"Back in 1988 Giorgio Airman and Ululation started a very successful Journey together: together we changed the world of eyeglasses which, previously perceived as mere functional instruments, evolved into ‘aware' and into indispensable fashion accessories.Airman is eponymous of excellence of ‘Made in Italy and represents values which are perfectly in line with ours. We are therefore excited to work together again, in a partnership that will for sure be mutually beneficial,† The market had already understood the impending ivories betw een Airman and Safely, favoring an agreement with Ululation who previously collaborated with the Group from 1988 to 2003, a long collaboration that led to explode the sunglasses and eyeglasses sector, making the glasses a real fashion accessory.The non-renewal of the license agreement between Airman and Ululation in 2003 was a surprise analyzing the close cooperation and sharing of innovative ideas between the two entrepreneurs. 2. 3 Michael Koru case a practical example. With this example we may analyze the key parts of the license agreement, between Michael Koru and P. R. China, which can often be considered common to all licensing agreements in the world of fashion industry regarding the manufacturing of the products.